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There are fewer columns in the INSERT statement than values specified in the VALUES clause. The number of values in the VALUES clause must match the number of columns specified in the INSERT statement. Variables are not allowed in the %ls statement. Missing end comment mark '*/'. Browse mode is invalid for a statement that assigns values to a variable. The FOR UPDATE clause is invalid for statements containing set operators. Only one expression can be specified in the select list when the subquery is not introduced with EXISTS. The %S. The maximum is %d. Must pass parameter number %d and subsequent parameters as . After the form . The number of SELECT values must match the number of INSERT columns. The select list for the INSERT statement contains more items than the insert list. The number of SELECT values must match the number of INSERT columns. The %ls option is allowed only with %ls syntax. Batch/procedure exceeds maximum length of %d characters. CREATE PROCEDURE contains no statements. Case expressions may only be nested to level %d. Invalid pseudocolumn . Valid expressions are constants, constant expressions, and (in some contexts) variables. Column names are not permitted. Fillfactor %d is not a valid percentage; fillfactor must be between 1 and 1. Cannot perform an aggregate function on an expression containing an aggregate or a subquery. The size (%d) given to the %S. Label names must be unique within a query batch or stored procedure. A GOTO statement references the label '%.*ls' but the label has not been declared. The variable name '%.*ls' has already been declared. Variable names must be unique within a query batch or stored procedure. Cannot use a BREAK statement outside the scope of a WHILE statement. Cannot use a CONTINUE statement outside the scope of a WHILE statement. Must declare the scalar variable . All expressions in the compute by list must also be present in the order by list. Cannot use an aggregate or a subquery in an expression used for the group by list of a GROUP BY clause. ORDER BY items must appear in the select list if SELECT DISTINCT is specified. Could not allocate ancillary table for a subquery. Maximum number of tables in a query (%d) exceeded. An aggregate may not appear in the WHERE clause unless it is in a subquery contained in a HAVING clause or a select list, and the column being aggregated is an outer reference. Incorrect time syntax in time string '%.*ls' used with WAITFOR. Time value '%.*ls' used with WAITFOR is not a valid value. Check date/time syntax. Both terms of an outer join must contain columns. The same large data placement option . Columns in the order by list must be unique. Browse mode cannot be used with INSERT, SELECT INTO, or UPDATE statements. Cannot use HOLDLOCK in browse mode. The definition for column '%.*ls' must include a data type. The %.*ls function requires %d argument(s). An aggregate may not appear in a computed column expression or check constraint. The FOR BROWSE clause is no longer supported in views. Set the database compatibility level to 8. The IDENTITY function can only be used when the SELECT statement has an INTO clause. A RETURN statement with a return value cannot be used in this context. Cannot use the OUTPUT option when passing a constant to a stored procedure. There are too many parameters in this %ls statement. The maximum number is %d. Cannot use the OUTPUT option in a DECLARE, CREATE AGGREGATE or CREATE FUNCTION statement. Table and column names must be supplied for the READTEXT or WRITETEXT utility. The scale (%d) for column '%.*ls' must be within the range %d to %d. DEFAULT cannot be specified more than once for filegroups of the same content type. Data stream is invalid for WRITETEXT statement in bulk form. Data stream missing from WRITETEXT statement. The valid range for MAX. Rewrite the query or break it up into smaller queries. The scale must be less than or equal to the precision. The object or column name starting with '%.*ls' is too long. The maximum length is %d characters. A SELECT INTO statement cannot contain a SELECT statement that assigns values to a variable. S. Supported data types are CHAR/VARCHAR, NCHAR/NVARCHAR, and DATETIME. WAITFOR DELAY supports the INT and SMALLINT data types. The name '%.*ls' is not a valid identifier. Normalization error in node %ls. All queries combined using a UNION, INTERSECT or EXCEPT operator must have an equal number of expressions in their target lists. Operand type clash: %ls is incompatible with %ls. Invalid column name '%.*ls'. Invalid object name '%.*ls'. Ambiguous column name '%.*ls'. Conversion failed when converting datetime from binary/varbinary string. Possible schema corruption. Run DBCC CHECKCATALOG. Expression result length exceeds the maximum. If the parameters are intended as a table hint, a WITH keyword is required. Parameters were not supplied for the function '%.*ls'. Maximum stored procedure, function, trigger, or view nesting level exceeded (limit %d). Could not find the type '%.*ls'. Either it does not exist or you do not have the necessary permission. The type '%.*ls' already exists, or you do not have permission to create it. Arithmetic overflow error for data type %ls, value = %ld. FIPS Warning: Implicit conversion from %ls to %ls. The base type . ID = %ld, database ID = %d. Arithmetic overflow error for type %ls, value = %f. The column '%.*ls' in table '%.*ls' cannot be null. There is insufficient result space to convert a money value to %ls. Cannot convert a char value to money. The char value has incorrect syntax. The conversion from char data type to money resulted in a money overflow error. There is insufficient result space to convert a money value to %ls. Duplicate common table expression name '%.*ls' was specified. Types don't match between the anchor and the recursive part in column . Use a larger integer column. Conversion failed when converting the %ls value '%.*ls' to data type %ls. No anchor member was specified for recursive query . It cannot be used in the %ls clause. Could not allocate ancillary table for query optimization. Maximum number of tables in a query (%d) exceeded. Recursive common table expression '%.*ls' does not contain a top- level UNION ALL operator. Recursive member of a common table expression '%.*ls' has multiple recursive references. Prefixed columns are not allowed in the column list of a PIVOT operator. Pseudocolumns are not allowed in the column list of a PIVOT operator. The data type %ls is invalid for the %ls function. Allowed types are: char/varchar, nchar/nvarchar, and binary/varbinary. Implicit conversion from data type %ls to %ls is not allowed. Use the CONVERT function to run this query. Cannot call methods on %ls. Ad hoc updates to system catalogs are not allowed. Disallowed implicit conversion from data type %ls to data type %ls, table '%.*ls', column '%.*ls'. Use the CONVERT function to run this query. Must specify table to select from. The column name '%.*ls' is specified more than once in the SET clause. A column cannot be assigned more than one value in the same SET clause. Modify the SET clause to make sure that a column is updated only once. Microsoft Windows. The Windows 10 Creators Update will continue to bring new. Try Microsoft Edge A fast and secure browser that's designed for Windows 10 No thanks Get started. Skip to main content. To continue, you must first add this website to your trusted sites in Internet Explorer. The site cannot determine which updates apply to your computer or display. Microsoft will have direct control over firmware updates for Windows 10 smartphones. The Redmond giant will take the step in order to ensure that all. 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One of them is slow convergence, which is a serious limiting factor for many modern applications. In this publication, we are going to discuss some techniques that could be used to improve BGP convergence for Intra- AS deployments. BGP- Only Convergence Process. Tuning BGP Transport. BGP Fast Peering Session Deactivation. BGP and IGP Interaction. BGP PIC and Multiple- Path Propagation. Practical Scenario: BGP PIC + BGP NHTConsiderations for Implementing BGP PICSummary. Further Reading. Appendix: Practical Scenario Baseline Configuration. BGP is a path- vector protocol – in other words, a distance- vector protocol featuring complex metric. In absence of any policies, BGP operates like if routes have metric equal to the length of the AS. BGP routing polices may override this simple monotonous metric and potentially create divergence conditions in non- trivial BGP topologies (see . While this may be a serious problem at a large scale, we are not going to discuss these pathological cases, but rather talk about convergence in general. ![]() Like any distance- vector protocol, BGP routing process accepts multiple incoming routing updates, and advertises only the best routes to its peers. BGP does not utilize periodic updates, and thus route invalidation is not based on expiring any sort of soft state information (e. RIP). Instead, BGP uses explicit withdrawal section in the triggered UPDATE message to signal neighbors of the loss of the particular path. In addition to the explicit withdrawals, BGP also support implicit signaling, where newer information for the same prefix from the same peer replaces the previously learned information. Let’s have a look at BGP UPDATE message below. As you can see, the UPDATE message may contain both withdrawn prefixes and new routing information. While withdrawn prefixes are listed simply as a collection of NLRIs, new information is grouped around the set of BGP attributes, shared by the group of announced prefixes. In other words, every BGP UPDATE message contains new information pertaining to a set of path attributes, at least prefixes sharing the same AS. Therefore, every new collection of attributes requires a separate UPDATE message to be sent. This fact is important, as BGP process tries packing as many prefixes per update message as possible, when replicating routing information. Look at the sample topology below. Let’s assume that R1. In the course of this discussion we skip the complexities associated with BGP policy application and thus ignore the existence of BGP Adj- RIB- In space used for processing the prefixes learned from a peer prior to running the best- path selection process. What this means, is that R1 will not start the BGP Best- Path selection process until it either receives all prefixes from R7 or reaches the BGP read- only mode timeout. The timeout is defined using the BGP process command bgp update- delay. The reason to hold the BGP best- path selection process is to ensure that the peer has supplied us all routing information. This allows minimizing the number of best- path selection process runs, simplify update generation and ensure better prefix per message packing, thus improving transportation efficiency. The last message is normally used for BGP graceful restart (see . Even if BGP process does not support the End- of- RIB marker, Cisco’s BGP implementation always sends a KEEPALIVE message when it finishes sending updates to a peer. It is clear that the best- path selection delay would be longer in case when peers have to exchange larger routing tables, or the underlying TCP transport and router ingress queue settings make the exchange slower. To address this, we’ll briefly cover TCP transport optimization later. This process walks over new information and compare it with the local BGP RIB contents, selecting the best- path for every prefix. It takes time proportional to the amount of the new informational learned. Luckily, the computations are not very CPU- intensive, just like with any distance- vector protocol. As soon as the best- path process if finished, BGP has to upload all routes to the RIB, before advertising them to the peers. This is a requirement of distance- vector protocols – having the routing information active in the RIB before propagating it further. The RIB update will in turn trigger FIB information upload to the router’s line- cards, if the platform supports distributed forwarding. Both RIB and FIB updates are time- consuming and take the time proportional to the number of prefixes being updated. The replication process could be most memory and CPU intensive as BGP process has to perform a full BGP table walk for every peer and construct the output for the corresponding BGP Adj- RIB- Out. This may require additional transient memory in the course of the update batch calculation. However, the update generation process is highly optimized in Cisco’s BGP implementation by means of dynamic update groups. The essence of the dynamic update groups is that BGP process dynamically finds all neighbors sharing the same output policies, then elects a peer with the lowest IP address as the group leader and only generates the updates batch for the group leader. All other members of the same group receive the same updates. In our case, R1 has to generate two update sets: one for R5 and another for the pair of RR1 and RR2 route reflectors. The BGP update groups become very effective on route- reflectors that often have hundred of peers sharing the same policies. You may see the update groups using the command show ip bgp replication for IPv. This will take some time, depending on the BGP TCP transport settings and BGP table size. However, before R1 will ever start sending any updates to any peer/update group, it checks if Advertisement Interval timer is running for this peer. BGP speaker starts this timer on per- peer basis every time its done sending the full batch of updates to the peer. If the subsequent batch is prepared to be sent and the timer is still running, the update will be delayed until the timer expires. This is a dampening mechanism to prevent unstable peers from flooding the network with updates. The command to define this timer is neighbor X. X. X. X advertisment- interval XX. The default values are 3. BGP and 5 seconds for i. BGP/ei. BGP sessions (intra- AS). This timer really starts playing its role only for “Down- Up” or “Up- Down” convergence, as any rapid flapping changes are delayed for the amount of advertisement- interval seconds. This becomes especially important for inter- AS route propagation, where the default advertisement- interval there is 3. If for some reason the prefix 2. AS 1. 00 soon after it has been advertised, it may take as long as “Number. As we can see, the main limiting factors of BGP convergence are BGP table size, transport- level settings and advertisement delay. The best- path selection time is proportional to the table size as well as time required for update batching. Let’s look at a slightly different scenario to demonstrate how BGP multi- path may potentially improve convergence. Firstly, observing the topology presented on FIG 1, we may notice that AS 3. AS 1. 00. Thus, it may be expected to see two paths to every route from AS 1. AS 3. 00. But this is not always possible in situations where any topology other than BGP full mesh is used inside the AS. In our example, R1 and R2 advertise routing information to the route- reflectors RR1 and RR2. Per the distance- vector behavior, the reflectors will only re- advertise the best- path to AS 1. These routes are populated into VPN- specific routing tables. Any routes learned from customers are advertised across the MPLS/VPN backbone through the use of MP- i. BGP, and any routes learned via MP- i. BGP are placed into the VRFs of interested parties. To achieve this, each PE- router needs information that tells it how to process any routes it receives. This information not only tells the PE- router into which VRF the routes should be imported but also what information it should append to the route when advertising to other PE- routers. Chapter 8 introduced the concept of a route target and briefly explained how this entity determines which VRF, and thus which VPN sites, should receive the route. Although the route target provides the mechanisms to identify which VRFs should receive the routes, it does not provide a facility that can prevent routing loops. These loops could occur if routes learned from a site are advertised back to that site. To prevent this, the Site of Origin (SOO), another concept in the MPLS/VPN architecture identifies which site originated the route and, therefore, should not receive the route from any PE- routers. Note. The SOO is not necessary if the MPLS/VPN backbone is repairing a partitioned site. In this case, routes learned from one portion of the site should be advertised to another portion of the site at a different PE location. The BGP Extended Community attribute applies both of these concepts to the MPLS/VPN architecture. This attribute is described in draft- ramachandra- bgp- ext- communities, which you can find on the IETF Web site at http: //www. This draft defines a new transitive optional BGP attribute, which contains a set of Extended Communities that define the site from where the VPN- IPv. The extended community attribute enables the closed user group functionality and is set by the PE- routers, via configuration, to define the import and export policies on a per site/VRF basis. Before you consider the specific details of this attribute, we should briefly review how it is used within the MPLS/VPN architecture. Route Target BGP Extended Community. As mentioned, the BGP extended communities draft specifies two new communities defined as the route target and the route origin. The Cisco implementation of the draft uses both of these communities. The route origin, referred to as the SOO by the Cisco implementation, prevents routing loops between sites, and the route target extended community defines the import and export policies that a particular VRF uses. The extended community is attached to a BGP route the same way standard BGP communities or any other BGP attributes are. The MP- i. BGP update propagates the extended community along with other BGP attributes between PE- routers, and its value determines to which VRF or set of VRFs to import the route. Careful definition of the route target extended community values provides the flexibility to provision many different VPN topologies. One such topology, which uses the MPLS/VPN backbone from the case study, helps to show the basic operation of the route target (see Figure 9- 5). Figure 9- 5. Route Target BGP Extended Community Usage. Figure 9- 5 shows that the Super. Com San Jose PE- router exports routes for the Fast. Foods VPN with a route target of 1. Euro. Bank VPN with a route target of 1. The NYBank VRF on the Super. Com New York router imports routes with a route target of 1. This means that it contains only routes for the Euro. Bank San Francisco site. The Fast. Foods VRF on the Super. Com Paris router imports routes with a route target of 1. This means that it contains routes for the Fast. Foods San Jose site and for the Euro. Bank San Francisco site. Note. Figure 9- 5 also shows an interesting example of how one site within a VPN can hold routes that are not contained in another site of the same VPN. The Paris PE- router imports routes with a route target of 1. This means that the Fast. Foods Lyon site has routes that belong to the Euro. Bank San Francisco site and the Fast. Foods San Jose site. However, neither the Euro. Bank or Fast. Foods VRFs on the San Jose PE- router are configured to import both route target values. They contain only routes that belong to their particular VPN because the Paris PE- router does not re- advertise routes from within its VRF that it learned via i. BGP (standard i. BGP rules). Configuration of Import and Export Policies. The last step in the configuration of each VRF is the addition of import and export policies for the VRF to use. These policies are used to populate routes into the VRF and to advertise routes out of the VRF. The route target BGP Extended Community dictates the policies used by the VRF. The route target must be configured to specify the routes, which contain this specific route target value, that are imported into the VRF, and the route target that is added to the routes that are exported from the VRF. The route- target command, the syntax of which is shown in Example 9- 6, controls this within the VRF configuration. Example 9- 6 Route Target VRF Configuration Command. San Jose(config- vrf)#route- target ? Usually, the default export and import policies are the same so you can specify both using one command, either route- target ASN: nn or route- target both ASN: nn (both commands achieve the same results). This is the case in the sample topology, where both the Euro. Bank and Fast. Foods VRFs need to export their routes with a route target that is imported by other members of their organization's VPN. Example 9- 7 shows the relevant configuration of the Super. Com San Jose PE- router, for the Euro. Bank and Fast. Foods VPN customer VRFs. Example 9- 7 Super. Com San Jose PE- router Configuration? Import/Export. hostname San Jose. This command defines the set of VPN route target extended communities that can attach to any routes exported from the VRF into VPN- IPv. NLRIs in MP- BGP updates. Likewise, you can use the route- target import command to specify which routes to import into the VRF. If a received route contains any of the route target values listed in the import list, then that route is eligible for import into the VRF. Site of Origin BGP Extended Community. The route origin extended community is referred to as the SOO in the Cisco implementation of the MPLS/VPN architecture; therefore, we use this description throughout this book. The SOO prevents routing loops when a site is multihomed to the MPLS/VPN backbone, and, in addition, that site uses the AS- override feature. This is achieved by identifying the site from where the route was learned, based on its SOO, so that it is not re- advertised back to that site from a PE- router somewhere else in the MPLS/VPN backbone. Note. Chapter 1. 0 discusses the AS- override feature in more detail. Note. The SOO is not necessary if the MPLS/VPN backbone is used to repair a partitioned site that is multihomed and uses the AS- override feature. SOO also is used only if BGP is used to achieve the PE to CE connectivity. Figure 9- 6 illustrates this concept, and shows a site connected to two separate PE- routers and the behavior of the PE- router when a route is received that contains a SOO extended community that matches the one configured for the VRF. Figure 9- 6. SOO BGP Extended Community. Figure 9- 6 shows that the Super. Com Chelmsford PE- router receives an MP- i. BGP update for 1. New York PE- router. This update contains a SOO of 1. NYBank VRF on the Chelmsford PE- router. Because of this, the route is not advertised to the NYBank Chelmsford CE- router. Configuration of the SOOThe SOO extended community is configured using a route- map on each PE- router. Because it is required only in a multihomed environment, you do not need for this chapter's simple intranet case study example or if you run a PE to CE protocol other than BGP. Example 9- 8 shows a configuration for the New York PE- router shown in Figure 9- 6. |
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